What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke

Roanoke Colony, an island in present-day North Carolina, was settled in 1584 by English colonists as the first attempt at a permanent settlement in North America. However, the settlers quickly ran into hardship caused by poor harvest, lack of materials, and difficult relations with the indigenous peoples. Because of these difficulties, a small group of colonists, led by John White, returned to England in search of help from  Queen Elizabeth I. When White returned a few years later the colony had disappeared; all traces of the settlers and encampments were gone, creating its history as the â€Å"Lost Colony of Roanoke. Settlers Arrive at Roanoke Island Queen  Elizabeth  I granted  Sir Walter Raleigh  a charter to gather a small group to settle in the Chesapeake Bay as part of a larger campaign to explore and  settle North America. Sir Richard Grenville led the expedition and landed on Roanoke Island in 1584. Soon after settlement, he was responsible for  burning a village  inhabited by Carolina Algonquians, ending the previously friendly relations. When the settlement failed due to this strained relation and a lack of resources, the first group of colonists returned to England shortly after when Sir Francis Drake offered to take them home on his way from the Caribbean. John White arrived with another group of colonists in 1587  intending to settle in the Chesapeake Bay, but the pilot of the ship brought them to Roanoke Island. His daughter Eleanor White Dare and her husband Ananias Dare were on the charter as well, and the two later had a child in Roanoke, Virginia Dare, who was the first person of English descent born in North America. White’s group of settlers ran into similar difficulties as the first group. After arriving too late to begin planting, the Roanoke colonists had a poor harvest and lacked many other materials. Additionally, after an indigenous man killed one  of the colonists, White ordered an attack on a group of indigenous people in a tribe nearby out of retaliation. This increased the already high tension between the Native Americans and the colonists who settled on their land. Because of these difficulties, White returned to England to ask for help with gathering resources and left behind 117 people in the colony. The Lost Colony When White returned to Europe, England was in the midst of the  Anglo-Spanish War  between Queen Elizabeth I and  King Philip II of Spain. Because of the war effort, there were few resources to devote to the New World. Boats, materials, and people were not available to John White, who then stayed in Europe for a few years until the conclusion of the war. When White returned to Roanoke Island in 1590, the settlement was deserted. In his own account, White describes the island upon his return. He states, â€Å"we passed toward the place where they were left in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken  downe, (...) and five  foote  from the ground in fayre capital letters was graven CROATOAN without any crosse or  signe  of  distresse.† He later concludes that the colonists were safe with the Croatoan tribe because of the lack of any distress signals. However, due to inclement weather and few supplies, he never sailed to the Croatoan settlement. Instead, he returned to England, never knowing where his colony remained. Centuries later, researchers at the British Museum examined a  map drawn by John White, the original governor of Roanoke County. The examination was conducted because a portion of the map appears to have been covered by a patch of paper. When backlit, a star shape appears under the patch, possibly noting the exact location of the colony. The site has been excavated and archaeologists have  discovered ceramic material  that may have belonged to members of the â€Å"lost colony,† but the archaeological remains have not been definitively linked to the lost colonists. Roanoke Mystery: Theories There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colony of Roanoke. Theories range from the plausible to the improbable, including massacre, migration, and even a zombie outbreak. One  hotly debated clue  is a rock, allegedly engraved by Roanoke colonists, that was found in a swamp in North Carolina. The engraving states that two of the original settlers, Virginia and Ananias Dare,  were  murdered. For decades, the rock has been repeatedly authenticated and discredited by archaeologists and historians. Nonetheless, a popular theory maintained that the Roanoke colonists were murdered by the indigenous tribes nearby. This theory, which pushes the racist notion that indigenous people are dangerous and violent, alleges that tensions between the colonists and the nearby tribes (specifically the Croatoan) continued to rise, leading to the mass murder of the colony. However, the theory fails to note the violence initiated by the colonists themselves, as well as the fact that there is no evidence of the colonists leaving unexpectedly. All of the structures had been taken down and no human remains were found at the site. Additionally, as White noted, the word â€Å"Croatoan† was etched in the tree without any symbols of distress. There are a host of paranormal theories that are based entirely in speculation and not the evidence presented by historical accounts. The  Zombie Research Society, for example,  theorizes that a zombie outbreak in the colony led to cannibalism, which is why no bodies were found. Once the zombies ran out of colonists to feed on, the theory goes, they themselves decomposed into the ground, leaving no evidence behind. The most likely scenario is that environmental degradation and poor harvests forced the colony to migrate elsewhere. In 1998,  archaeologists studied tree rings  and concluded that there was a drought within the time frame of the colonists evacuation. This theory follows that the colonists left Roanoke Island to live with nearby tribes (e.g. the Croatoan) and survive the dangerous conditions. Sources Grizzard, Frank E., and D. Boyd. Smith.  Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. ABC-CLIO Interactive, 2007.Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584-1606.Emery, Theo. â€Å"The Roanoke Island Colony: Lost, and Found?†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 19 Jan. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/science/the-roanoke-colonists-lost-and-found.html.

Analysis Of The Movie Persepolis - 1206 Words

Perceptions change throughout decades, even the same events though don’t create the same perceptions. Everyone has their own perceptions and views on issues or events. Alyssa’s experiences differ heavily, from many of the authors which we have read in human experience this semester. She is just one example of comparing one journey to many others. Alyssa’s experiences are similar in certain aspects of her life. One of the books we read, one of the characters was a single child. Alyssa is a single child, who grew up with the same type of attention Marjane Starapi received in Persepolis. Even though Marjane had close relations with many people in Persepolis, such as her uncle, the main similarity between this text and†¦show more content†¦Alyssa relates to this because of her love for expanding her knowledge and finding new concepts. This also relates to another book Ignorance, which relates to the curiosity which carries on even after a discovery. Ignoranc e is something which I think is something that relates to Alyssa, because of her curiosity in science. I think this book shows how scientists stay happy in their field, by not searching for answers, but continually asking questions. Alyssa s love for science is reflected in her curiosity, as being her roommate and throughout the interview, she showed a love for science. Her ideals were all centered around her perseverance of being more curious. All of these texts somewhat relate to Alyssa’s life, but one text which is completely contrasting is the play The Best of Everything. I think this play is very different to me and my fellow colleague’s because sexism is rare to see day to day in our environment. Even if this isn’t rare to see on a day to day basis, we rarely experience sexist remarks to women. Nor does our generation work in such a class based society, which diversifies jobs based their gender. Our society encourages jobs to be the goal and to have a fulf illing career, which can provide for the rest of someone’s life. As I have briefly said before this can help us understand different views, by understanding people’s perceptions. So if we are exposed to this society which is based on dividing classes betweenShow MoreRelatedPersepolis and the Iranian Revolution2467 Words   |  10 PagesDean K. Myers THL 357 Research Project 2,421 words Persepolis and the Iranian Revolution Persepolis was made in 2007. The film is based on the graphic novel of the same name. Persepolis is directed by Marjane Satrapi. The story is derived from her own personal experiences growing up during the Iranian Revolution (also called the Islamic Revolution) in Tehran, Iran. Included will be an in-depth analysis of the factors that caused the Revolution as well as an accounting of conditions inRead MorePersepolis : Persepolis On Muslim Traditions2326 Words   |  10 PagesREL2300 12/10/2014 Film Analysis Paper: Persepolis in Relation to Muslim Traditions Religion is a subject that affects everyone in many ways. As we have learned in this class, religion is a very controversial word and has numerous definitions, but one thing that’s known is that whatever the religion a person may practice, it will affect their daily lives in some way or another. A person’s religion makes up a huge part of their culture and influences many of their decisions. Persepolis is a film that speaksRead MoreMemories And The Formation Of Reality1666 Words   |  7 Pagesor false memories, and can result in of misconceptions of reality. This paper looks at two live-action films: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and The Big Fish (2003) and two animated feature length films: Waltz of Bashir (2008) and Persepolis (2007) and one short animated film: Tale of Tales (1979). The purpose is to analyze how memory is represented in film and animation and examining how imagination does not distort the memory through animation but embellish it. To begin, Eternal SunshineRead MoreMemories And The Formation Of Reality1688 Words   |  7 Pagesfalse memories, and can result in of misconceptions about reality. This paper is looking to two live-action films: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and The Big Fish (2003) and two animated feature length films: Waltz of Bashir (2008) and Persepolis (2007) and one short animated film: Tale of Tales (1979). The purpose is to analyze how memory is represent in film and animation, and discover how imagination does not distort the memory and how is it represented in animation. To begin, EternalRead MoreAlexander The Greats Influence On The World1431 Words   |  6 Pagesit was to reach that target. Barman’s book has a character that never gives up and always going to his target, â€Å"Gordon had visited dozens of places like it, an office in an old building catering to dreamers who’d give their right arms to be in the movie,† (84). However, Alexander the Great had more skills and power to reach his target, which was to capture all kingdoms with all their lands and control them. In 335 BC, young king entered into the war against the north-western neighboring tribes IllyriansRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 Pagesrankings and the economy. With that being said, Thoreau explains seclusion as something more to bring peace than to feel as if one is emotionally detached from their peers. Further into Chapter Five, â€Å"Solitude,† from Walden, Thoreau goes into deeper analysis on what society feels about seclusion versus what he feels. According to Thoreau, â€Å"Solitude is not measured by the miles of space that intervene between a man and his fellows† (Thoreau 101). As the chapter progresses, he supports his statement again

Project Management Plan

Question: Analyze the contents, utility and relevance of a project management plan. Answer: 1.1.Introduction This report is prepared to analyze the contents, utility and relevancy of a project management plan. A well-structured project management plan is expected to clearly define project goals, objectives and scope, it also needs to indicate how a project will be implemented, monitored, controlled and communicated (Springer 2016). Analysis of a project management plan provides a report on findings, experiences, lessons learnt and recommendations of intended planned project. It also provides a means of communicating to various audiences (project stakeholders) on project performance and contents of a project management plan. The report will be analyzing specifically the Green ICT project management plan. This is aiming at identifying ICT carbon footprint, and implementing methods of mitigating carbon footprint resulting from ICT emissions. The structure of the report will include; a coverage of the background of the project detailing the project owners, objectives and location of the Green ICT project. It will further focus on project deliverables, and how the project management plan is structured (Rapp, 2014). It also provides an analysis report of project audience, their needs, and how the needs will be met. In addition, the report will provide theories or opinions used in choosing, structuring and adoption the project management plan. The contents and theoretical framework of a project management will be discussed. Finally, the report will give conclusion and recommendations on findings derived from the assessments of Green ICT project management planning. 1.2.Background of the Project The green ICT project is an initiative guided by the Australian National University (ANU) environmental management plan of 2009. The plan targets to reduce the % carbon dioxide emissions to a lower rate by 2015. The Green ICT project supports ANU strategies which focuses on increased energy consumption, demand of ICT, and contributions that energy usage/ICT have in carbon dioxide emissions. The years 2008 to 2010 had seen the overall general carbon emissions for ANU increase from 72.73 (ktco2e) to 74.01(ktco2e), while that of ICT carbon emission increasing from 10.9 (ktco2e) to 11.1 (ktco2e). It is an emerging issue that relevant authorities need to address. The Green ICT project was instituted to identify precisely ICT carbon footprint emissions within ANU environs and seek remedies to mitigate it within certain constraints. The project owner/sponsor is energy and sustainability office under the ANU program, which is headed by a project manager. The sponsoring organization focuses on employing strategies for sustainability in energy sector, and ensuring a safer cleaner environment. The project will be located within ANU environs, and its objectives; first, will be to investigate and record all carbon dioxide foot prints. Secondly, identify ways to mitigate carbon footprints. Thirdly, working with stakeholders in ensuring Green IT practices, creation of awareness about Green ICT, and lastly, working with external stakeholders on issues regarding energy and carbon dioxide print emissions. 1.3.Green Ict Project Audiences The project management included the following teams and persons as the first; the project steering committees, they are group that they need to know the major risk elements associated with the project. They need project management plan for formulating critical decisions regarding the initiation of the project idea, budgeting of resources, implementing, and project closure. The project steering planning committee they also need project management plan: first to ensure a regular review and assessment of critical project risks, secondly, assist in the project risks management, thirdly, they need to review and formulate decisions risk management advanced to them by the Project Management Group committee. The second type of audience in Green ICT project is the Project Management Group (PMG) who their meetings is on a daily basis, and their task is to know which decisions connected to the Green ICT project. They need the project plan to review and resolve decisions, processes made by the steering committees. Other reasons for having of having project management plan include; First progress reporting and change log management, Secondly, making recommendations to relevant authorities regarding project deliverables, thirdly, formulating policies on project deliverables, fourthly, help in formulation of project management work teams , Last function is to facilitate project communication throughout the project life cycle. The next set of audiences of Green ICT project will be the project Focused Groups formulated based on PMG members advisory. They need project management plan to provide necessary expertise knowledge and project input. Focus Groupings are the best representation of the project activities and areas that are prone to be affected by introduction of project changes. Another type of project audiences will be ANU stakeholder groups; including students, faculty members, ANU community. They need to focus on issues raised by the focus groups providing necessary inputs and considerations. They will need project management plan for making Consultation with project team to be able to come up with best solutions to be implemented by the PMG and project teams, providing suggestions and advisory issues, help in implementation of changes in the project, assist in communication, and act as project peer advocates. The other type of audience are the project team who are stationed on the project grounds. They need project management plan expected specifically to work on project activities, formalization and develop project implementation design. The project team is responsible for the project deliverables associated with university activity. Project team members need to report directly to the Project team leader who will give feedback on team leader on project performance for all project team members. Other responsibilities include; execution, project resolution mechanisms, provision of materials and ensuring project quality and standards. Table 1.1 shows summary of the main audience of the project, interest and how they will utilize the project management plan. Table 1.1. Summary of Green ICT project audience analysis Type of audiences Who are they? Their roles Need for project management plan. Project steering committee Primary audiences of persons and teams. Help in project initiation planning risk management. To facilitate them come up with ways of managing project risks Project management group A representative group still primary audiences Meet and plan daily project activities resolve project issues For daily planning purposes Review progress and reporting Project focus groups Members formed from consultation they form part of secondary audience. They provide expert opinions where need arises They need it to be aware of progress and provide expert opinions. ANU stakeholder group ANU community consisting of students, faculty members administrative staff (primary audiences) They provide necessary inputs considerations. They need to have co-operation during implementation The project management plan will create awareness to them and communicate progress. Project team Professionals stationed at project site. Are primary audiences They expected to work on various project functional activities/implementation To guide them when carrying out various activities. State other co-operations Other external departments/corporations Ministries. Are secondary audiences To check compliance on project activities and help in consultations. To check for any compliance and provide guidance where needed. 1.4.Stake Holder Analysis In order to identify how the various project audiences will be engaged in the project, an assessments of them is done to determine their interest, power, and influences through stakeholder analysis model (Bigelow 2016). We can use the stakeholder power/grid model to carry out stakeholder analysis. Figure 1.1 shows the power/grid model. Figure 3.1. Shows power/grid model. Table 1.2. Shows summary of Green ICT project stakeholder analysis. Project audiences Power/interest grid Project engagement with them Project steering committee Their power is high but interest is low They need to be made satisfied by being engaged with project activities. Project management group Their power is high and interest high They need to be managed closely involved in any project planning/decision making Project focus group Power in project is low and interest is low. They need to be monitored with minimum efforts. ANU stakeholder group They possess high power and low interest. They need to be made satisfied on the happening of project activities Project team They have high interest and low power. They need to be informed on how the project need to be implemented. 2.1. Structure of the Project Management Plan According to PMBOK (2015) project management plan is a detailed formal, approved document that provide guide to project implementation and controls. It is a document that enables smooth implementation of project phases (Meredith, 2014). Scholes (2013) defines it as a formal documentation to facilitate project life cycle implementation and monitoring of activities. There are several theories and opinions from project experts and consultants of how a project plan should be structured. Table 3.3 shows types of project management plans approaches and how they need to be structured. Type of project management plan approaches Structural contents Lean approach The approach is based on specify value, identify value stream, indicate the flow of activities, pull and ensure perfection. Guided by principle of eliminating wastes, empowerment, risk management and amplification learning. Iterative The approach is based on top management and external stakeholders interested on who is doing what and when. The approach include giving dates of major/minor milestones, and providing staffing needs Incremental It is a project management plan approach where project planning is divided into various builds. The processes must pass through requirements setting, design development, testing and implementation process. Phased approaches The approach is based on the principle that a project can be broken into specific series of steps. In each case operative plans are created, scheduled, provided resources and responsibilities. 2.2. Green Ict Project Management Plan Approach The Green ICT project adopted the phase approach in planning its activities. The project management plan approach is based on basic idea that project passes through phases characterized by set of activities and tasks. It involves breaking project phases and activities into smaller comprehensive individual plans for time, quality, scope, risk, resources, and costs. 2.3. Contents of Green Ict Project Management Plan The Green ICT project management plan is structured to include plans for: time, human resources, risks, scope, cost, quality, communication and procurement as summary. Table 3.4 shows summary of contents of the plan Table 3.4 Contents of Green ICT project management plan Contents Descriptions Project descriptions It outlines a complete definition of problem statement and objectives of the project. Showing the need to address issues of carbon emission and incidence levels. Scope plan It covers a broad section of the plan it covers; outputs and outcomes of the project, geographical and content scope, relevant project deliverables, constraints of the project, assumptions of project implementation. Time management It indicated the main milestones of the project, specifying time periods to be achieved. It provided a detailed schedule of activities based on Gantt chart Cost management Not indicated and no attachment. But reported based on costs from the energy and sustainability office. Quality management The plan indicated the quality performance indicators based on specific objectives to be achieved. Human resource management It showed governance and engagement of the project activities based on structure, names, positions and responsibilities. Stakeholder model was used to show an assessment of the various audiences. Communication The plan outlines the communication locality, objectives, frequency and various meeting groups for the project. Risk management The plan showed a detail assessment of the high, medium and low risks of the project, and contingency and mitigation measures of the risks. Procurement management No detail procurement was indicated or attached. It was reported is per team approval. 2.4. Theoretical Review of Project Management Plan The project management plan approach is structured to ensure each project activities of the project is done as per PMBOK (2015) project plan outline. 2.4.1. Project integration plan- this section needs to outlines project plan development, plan execution and project plan change management. A well-defined, documented project management plan should contain certain features that would easily facilitate project scheduling, implementation and control (Kathy Schwalbe 2015). The project descriptions need to provide a project background that describes in full details the project type, location, nature and purpose (Mitchell 2016). 2.4.2. Project scope management- it should involve planning, defining, and initiating the scope and scope change control. The scope management plan that covers a large part of the plan, should provide a clear schedule development. The scope management plan should further outline formally specifications of project deliverables and how to obtain formal acceptance of project deliverables (Beecham, 2013). 2.4.3. Project time management- it consists of activity management, actual project activity sequencing, duration estimation, schedule development and control. It needs to address on the following items; a clear item descriptions, priority of the work, expected and completed dates, and a schedule control system of managing time. 2.4.4. Project cost management- The cost management plan is a useful tool in planning, executing and control of project activities. A cost management plan should have a cost budget, cost estimating schedules as per project activities and ways to control costs (Ben-David Raz 2015). 2.4.5. Quality management plan the plan should include quality planning, assurance and control. Quality plan is a way of tracking project output against quantified objectives (Christopher Bryan 2015). A project quality management plan should contain a quality assurance policy showing quality audits, analysis, implementation and controls to quality. 2.4.6. Human resource plan- the plan should have an organizational planning, staff acquisition and team development. Human resource planning is a way of documenting people, and providing funding. A human resource plan should indicate a description of required resources and assignments (Aune 2013). 2.4.7. Communication management plan- The plan should have plan for communicating, distribution and reporting of information. The plan ensures delivery and effective communication and supports perfect execution. A plan should determine communication requirements, provide procedures of meetings, reports on meetings and progress. 2.4.8. Risk management plan -which is important in documenting and diagnosing potential project problems (Chandler 2014). The plan should have a risk identification process, risk recovery procedure, stakeholder risk tolerance methodology, risk management process and ways of monitoring, responding and controlling risks (Whitaker Sean 2014). 2.4.9. Procurement management plan- It should have procurement plan, method of conducting procurement, administration and closure of procurement. A procurement plan need to define statement of work and decisions to be made. It should contain procurement strategies employed and approved (Nutt 2014). 3.1. Conclusion In conclusion, analysis of a Green ICT project management plan provided a report on findings, experiences, lessons learnt and recommendations of intended planned project. An initiative guided by the Australian National University (ANU) environmental management plan of 2009. The plan targeted to reduce the % carbon dioxide emissions to a lower rate by 2015, with specific objectives of mitigating carbon footprints emission, working with stakeholders in Green IT practices through awareness creation. To ensure that the project is accomplished with participation of stakeholders. The project focused on the following stakeholders; project steering committee, project management group, project focused groups, project teams, and ANU community, by outlining their roles and contributions to the project. Stakeholder analysis was done to establish their power, interest and ways to manage them. The report outlined the type of project management plan approach adopted. The Green ICT project adopted the phase approach in planning its activities. The project management plan approach was based on basic idea that project passes through phases characterized by set of activities and tasks. Analysis was carried out based on PMBOK project management plan contents. The findings of the Green ICT management included; the project problem statement and objectives was stated clearly based on empirical data, showed a clear outputs and outcomes for the project. Other aspects of plan are constraints and assumptions of the project provided. Its main milestones and activities were well scheduled and described. Green ICT project provided key quality management indicators that were used to quality. Finally a risk management plan classification of risk was done well showing various mitigation and contingency plans. Findings from analysis reported certain shortcomings which formed recommendations. The project descriptions need to provide a clear understanding of both long term and short term objectives. It important that change approval, acceptance and considerations are documented on the Green ICT project management plan. The plan needed to indicate how quality will be audited, analyzed, implemented and controlled according to the laid quality standards. Finally the report need to work on its risk management plan showing risk discovery processes, stakeholder risk tolerance, monitoring and controlling and risk response planning. 5.1. Recommendations Certain features of the Green ICT management plan can be reviewed, changed and corrected to conform to acceptable standards of writing project management plans. The following are the recommendations from the findings: A full description of the project will enable other audiences interested with the project to understand the nature, purpose of the project. A clear understanding of both long term and short term objectives need to be clarified. Changes in project are critical when scoping a project activity, it important that change approval, acceptance and considerations are documented on the project management plan. In addition a way of managing specification changes to project deliverables indicated. A clear time management prioritization of project activities to be show, and control measures of time outlined. A cost management plan need to be attached or documented to show estimates as per project activities, budgets and control measures. Quality management assurance plan need to be show to indicate how quality will be audited, analyzed, implemented and controlled according to the laid quality standards Progress and meetings need to be planned and documented, as well there should be a detailed plan to show whom to communicate to and when. The project team need to come up with a risk management plan showing risk discovery processes, stakeholder risk tolerance, monitoring and controlling and risk response planning. There is need to have a procurement plan documented to report decisions and strategies to be employed during sourcing of project resources. References lists ANU Green 2009. ANU: Environmental Management Plan for 2015. Canberra, ACT, Australia: ANU. ANU 2010. NGERS Report for 2009-2010. Canberra, ACT, Australia: ANU green. Aune, J. 2013. Logical framework approach and PRA: Mutually exclusive or complementary tools for project Planning? Development in Practice, 10(5), Beecham, R. 2013. Effective project planning in Project Governance: The Essentials (pp. 35-43). IT Governance Publishing.

Moving to America free essay sample

Do you know moving could be a very traumatic and scary experience for a child? When my mom decided to leave Trinidad and Tobago to pursue her Master degree, I don’t think she realized the impact it would have on me, knowing that you are moving to a whole different country is a big pill to swallow at the age of 14 years old. Me and my mom was having dinner when she broke the news that we were moving to America I remembered that day like it was yesterday I felt like my heart had hit the floor I had mix emotions I was just numb I didn’t know if to be happy, sad or angry. After the news was broken to me everything that I loved flashed before my eyes my friends and my family. I was in high school at the time of our planning to move so I knew I would have to make new friends which is very hard for me because am very shy and soft spoken. We will write a custom essay sample on Moving to America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But I knew in my heart my mom was making the move for us to better herself and to provide a better life for me and my brother. Leaving my country where I grew up and where all my family and friends were really saddened me. Trinidad and Tobago is two islands that makes up one country I lived in Trinidad is the place I call home. It’s a beautiful island in the Caribbean its hot all year round and it only has two seasons the rainy season and the dry season. I absolutely enjoy the weather but at times the heat can be very scorching and unbearable, the beaches are amazing white sands blue waters I remember when my best friend and I would go to the beach on Sundays and spend the whole day. So the day before I left which was a Thursday, which meant I had school. My teacher gave a farewell speech telling the class I was leaving and today would be my last day my Best friend Adanna broke into to tears so did I was an emotional wreck because we have been friends since age 5 we did everything together. So when class was over we walk to the bus hugging each other and cherishing our last moments together and then she told me she have a present for me. When I opened it was a letter that consist 10 pages and a framed picture of me and her at age 8, I was so grateful that she gave that to me I told I would keep it close to my heart. At 14 years we jetted to Colorado the flight took about 8 hours to arrive. I arrived in Colorado my body was in shocked of how cold it was coming from a country that is warm it was snowing heavily. I was so excited because I have always dreamt of wanting to see snow and on the first day of my arrival to America I saw snow I just thought to myself how lucky am I, I just smiled to myself. So a taxi cab came to pick us up at the Denver International Airport my new home was located in Colorado Springs it was an hour and a half away. On our way to Colorado Springs I couldn’t see the landscape or anything because everywhere was covered in snow so I just laid back and enjoyed the ride. When we arrived at our new home I fell in love with our new townhouse home it was new, hardwood floors, a tall ceiling it was just marvelous. My first night in my new home, a new country and a new neighborhood felt pretty weird I felt so out of place like I didn’t belong. I woke up the next morning feeling pretty lonely the house was quiet it was just not what am use to because back home in Trinidad we were living in a house with my grandparents and my other family members like my cousins and aunts so the house was always noisy. My mom came in to my room to tell me to get ready we are going grocery shopping I was a little excited I must say just to be out. So we went to the grocery I was so amaze on how big it was and all the different selections of foods items there was to choose from. After grocery shopping, my mom stopped at her school Colorado Technical University to do some finishing for her registration to start to attend school for the Spring Semester. The following day I had to register for school because it was nearing close for the spring school term to start so we went to the North Middle School to sign me up. I so nervous when I enter the doors of North Middle School I was so overwhelmed and I hadn’t even started school as yet it was just to register me. So January 9th rolled around that was the beginning of school it was the most traumatic and scary experience ever so many thoughts were running through my mind would I make friends, would any of the students laugh at my accent when I speak. The diversity of the students at the school with all different culture backgrounds was a lot to take in but I was eager to learn about them. I went to my first class it was my Algebra class my teacher was Mr. Brice, seeing as it was the first day of school he suggested that we stand up and introduce ourselves to the class. Everyone stood up and introduce there selves and then it was my turn I started sweating bullets I was so nervous so I stand and these was my exact words â€Å"Hi am Ariane and am from Trinidad† one the classmate laughed at me I felt so hurt I wanted to cry right then and there but I had to hold my composer. When the bell rang for the class to be over there was this one girl her name was Desiree came up to me and told me my accent was cool and she liked it. We became great friends from then so my school experience wasn’t as bad as I thought. When I got home from my first day of school, I laid on my bed thought to myself today wasn’t a bad day at all I can get use to this. But then I started to think about back home and I felt so empty and lonely and I missed everything my family and best friend. After spending 7 years in Colorado, my mom completed her degree and got an incredible job opportunity she was ecstatic I was to, then she told me we had to talk every time she said we have to talk I knew there was some bad or disappointing news she was going to tell me so I took a deep breath and asked â€Å"What is it mom? † she replied and said â€Å"We will be moving to New Jersey† I screamed out in excitement my mom was shocked at my reaction and she had a puzzling look on her face. She asked me â€Å"Aren’t you sad you are leaving Colorado† because she knew how sad I was when we left Trinidad I quickly responded â€Å"No†. I was excited to leave Colorado although I did develop a friendship with Desiree, I wanted to be close to family and New Jersey was the place for me because I have lots and cousins and aunts there. Moving to a whole different country has made me into a stronger person and has broadened my horizon to different cultures, atmosphere and opportunities. It also allows me to see and experience life in a new and different way. My mom has taught me that once I put my mind to anything I can do it. Because she went to Colorado without knowing anybody there and we conquered it together.

gold price in the US essays

gold price in the US essays The largest demand for gold is in jewelry and investments. Gold is known as a metal that is easily used and has many industrial applications. Since gold is so durable and luxurious, many people invest in jewelry, stocks, and gold bonds. Considering the fact that gold is considered a world-wide valuable good, many economies have gold reserves to help protect themselves in times of need. Nevertheless, factors of supply and demand have contributed to the decrease of the price of gold, which has reached an all time low since 1978. This reduction has raised many concerns in the United States having them weigh the different factors of the price, supply and demand, and consumption that may be affecting The price change commands attention since gold serves to indicate price stability or inflation. Although, inflation is not as threatening in the United States because it is more industrialized, the bigger fear is facing deflation with our countries gold currency. Gold averaged 294 dollars per ounce in 1998, when at one time the prices were in the mid $400-500 per ounce. Due to fact that gold prices have been so low, Central Banks have threatened to sell their gold inventories fearing that gold is no longer considered the ultimate store of value. Regardless, prices have continued to fluctuate in both directions throughout the year, but it is important to weigh the different variables that are having an There are different factors associated with the supply and demand which have caused prices to decrease. First of all, the record low prices in the past year has caused investors to participate less causing prices to be determined largely on golds own supply and demand fundamentals and the economic environment. The supply of gold declined by less than 2% during 1998. The price reduction started to impact the mine production by slowing the rate of manufacture growth by the ...

How to Master the German Articles-Part I

How to Master the German Articles-Part I The German articles are honestly spoken a pain in the neck as they do not make any sense nor do they follow any logic. Unfortunately they are important for anyone who aims at speaking correct German. But there’s hope. There are two simple ways to deal with them almost effortlessly. This article will show you a quick and dirty way to recognize the gender of a German noun even if you dont understand its meaning yet. The second technique you will find in this article. The first is base upon the fact that there are indeed a few signals that give away a nouns gender. The endings -ig or -ling e.g. are always masculine, and so are -or, -ismus and the majority of nouns ending in -er. The problem is that those five endings are as abstract and meaningless as the articles themselves and therefore are still pretty difficult to remember and to apply.   The best way to deal with these article-signals is to organise them in the following way: der ig-ling-or-ismuser which we would read like a single word: der iglingorismuser   It’s still abstract but now we only have to deal with one abstract information -iglingorismuser- instead of five (-ig, -ling, -or, -ismus, -er). Our new word-creation also has a melody that makes it easier to remember.  Try it. Read it out loud a few times and try to recite it simply from your memory until you know it by heart. It took me a day of occasional recital and I still am able to recall it in an instant.   Of course there are also such signals for neuter and feminine nouns. Combined to mnemonic words they look like this: das Tum-chen-ma-ment-um-leinnis die Heit-ung-keit-ei-schaft-ion-ie-tt-ikure Practice them until you can recite them in a second or less so that you can focus on meaning instead on grammar when speaking. A friend of mine has written a little song to help learners like you to master them quickly. Make sure to check it out. There are also many good tips on how to learn abstract information in general in this lovely article. You might have noted the plus sign () in front of some endings above. That simply means that those endings are not 100% reliable regarding their signal. But they are mostly indicating the gender above. You can find some exceptions here. The beauty of this technique lies in its efficiency as you will be able to identify a noun’s gender even without knowing what that noun means. The word „Einberufungâ€Å" e.g. will most certainly be unknown to most of you but you will recognize its ending -ung easily and therefore know that it is of feminine gender. By the way it means „draftâ€Å" into military service. Why don’t you test your current knowledge of the articles with the following exercise before you practice the three lovely mnemonic words above for some time and then come back to this article and test your new skill? Like this you will have a before-after comparison and therefore a visual feedback for what you have learned with help of this article.   Test of your current article-recognition skills. Cover the text above so that you won’t be tempted to peek. What gender do the following German nouns have? You can write either der, das, die or simply (m)asculine, (n)euter or (f)eminine.    Test your knowledge of the German Articles Schmetterling (butterfly)Abteilung (department)Nation (nation)Autor (author)Psychologie (psychology)Wachstum (growth)Mdchen (girl)Eimer (bucket)Nase (nose)Polizei (police)Mongolei (Mongolia)Kà ¶ter (scoundrel)Kommunismus (communism)Frulein (Miss)Natur (nature)Fabrik (plant)Oktober (October)Frà ¼hling (spring)Bà ¼rschchen (stripling/laddie)Gesellschaft (society)Struktur (structure)Quentchen (grain)Management (management)Logik (logic)Museum (museum)Information (information)Minute (minute)Kà ¶rper (body)Wohnung (flat)Feigling (coward)September (September)Meister (master)Ewigkeit (eternity) The answers you will find on the next page, so maybe copy these words into a word document or on a piece of paper to be able to easily correct your answers. Feel free to let me know your before/after results and what you think of this technique.   One last note: This technique does not cover all possible article signals but the most common ones. And it also does not help you with all those nouns that simply do not have any signal-ending yet there is also a few categories that usually stick to one gender, like e.g. alcoholic beverages that are mostly masculine (e.g. der Wein) or motorcycle bands that are exclusively feminine (e.g. die Harley Davidson) and the second technique is coming soon. Stay tuned and thanks for reading. Here now the answers to the exercise on the last page: der Schmetterling (butterfly)die Abteilung (department)die Nation (nation)der Autor (author)die Psychologie (psychology)das Wachstum (growth)das Mdchen (girl)der Eimer (bucket)die Nase (nose)die Polizei (police)die Mongolei (Mongolia)der Kà ¶ter (scoundrel)der Kommunismus (communism)das Frulein (Miss)die Natur (nature)die Fabrik (plant)der Oktober (October)der Frà ¼hling (spring)das Bà ¼rschchen (stripling/laddie)die Gesellschaft (society)die Struktur (structure)das Quentchen (grain)das Management (management)die Logik (logic)das Museum (museum)die Information (information)die Minute (minute)der Kà ¶rper (body)die Wohnung (flat)der Feigling (coward)September (September)der Meister (master)die Ewigkeit (eternity)    How many have you had correct? Before: ______ After:    ______    00-11 points:      You could have gotten that much simply by guessing 12-22 points:      Not bad, but maybe you just have been lucky.   23-33 points:      Gute Arbeit. You are on your way to becoming an German Artikelmeister.

Political Context of Social Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Context of Social Policy - Assignment Example According to the discussion  social policies are those which are designed and developed to respond to the social issues of a society. These policies are formed by the government or by private organizations in order to fulfill the social needs of the disadvantaged citizens. Social policies are mostly developed for the betterment of the society and to benefit human welfare. However, there are many agencies that are set up to design social policies by the government.  This paper highlights that  it is not only important for the government agencies to look at the social needs before implementing a policy, but also important to consider the political environment of the society before a policy is implemented. Political parties hold great importance in a society and they play the role of major stakeholders in public welfare policies. The political environment determines whether the political parties approve the social policies or not because if they don’t, it might result in di sturbance in the society. In order to make sure that the social policy is effective and successful, the agencies must take the consent of the political parties and consider the political environment. A distressed political environment in the society would rather result in a negative effect of the policy.  There are several stakeholders that need to be involved in the technical discussions and considerations of implementing a social policy. These stakeholders may be government authorities, ministers, political parties, citizens, and the targeted population.

Delegation Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Delegation Nursing - Case Study Example This should not narrow us down only to the environment provided to the patients alone but supervisors have to make sure that there is self moral respect like professional growth and maintenance of competence. With the above highlighted factors in place, good interdisciplinary care in the clinic is guaranteed. It is good to recognize the efforts put in place by Ms. W in trying to help Ms. R to recover from her health problem. â€Å"Thank you for being patriotic to your job.† Richard Lennon in his book entitled, â€Å"Twelve rules of delegation,† says that delegation is a two-way street. That is, it develops you and the people you are working with (Lenon, 2008). It is fine if you delegate duties to your subordinate staff to help you keep track of Ms. R progress. Yes, she is absconding appointments, always late on appointments, sometimes she misses on important test and she does not have her dose as per your instruction. Now that you have known this, it will be wise if you will delegate duties to yours subordinate staff. They will help you in the follow up of the patient. Whereby, this subdivision and sub allocation of power will give you positive results. Referring her to another clinic might not be the solution because she might repeat the same habit again. In return after referral, it might not be the best decision ever on patient optimization. Having a subordinate staff is a true assurance that they are there to help you. Referral of patients might bring out a filling of intimidation among the subordinates. Remember that duty delegation enables employees to be empowered with tasks, which helps production and improves there morale. Further more keep in mind that you are dealing with patients, and some have hopes with you. If you refer them to other clinics, it might make them loose the confidence they had with you and seek services somewhere else. Having

Lab - Risk Essay Example for Free

Lab Risk Essay Name and Number: CIS 333 LAB#6 Instructor Name: Professor West Lab Due Date: 19 May 2013 1. What is the difference between a risk analysis (RA) and a business impact analysis (BIA)? Risk analysis is often identifying the potential threats and the associated vulnerabilities to the organizations . Risk analysis doesn’t view the organization from the mission critical Business Process point of view. More over BIA perceives the organization from the impact that is going to occur for an organization if the critical business processes are interrupted or tampered What is the difference between a Disaster Recovery Plan and a Business Continuity Plan? Disaster recovery is the older of the 2 functions. DR planning is an essential part of business planning that – too often – gets neglected. Part of this has to do with the fact that making a Disaster Recovery plan requires a lot of time and attention from busy managers and executives from every functional department within the company. Business continuity is a newer term which was first popularized as a response to the Y2K bug. In order to stop your company from bleeding money in these situations, you need a plan that will allow the organization to continue generating revenue and providing services – although possibly with lower quality – on a temporary basis until the company has regained its bearings. 3. Typically, a business continuity plan is also a compilation or collection of other plans. What other plans might a BCP and all supporting documents include? Technical backup Plan: How can you recover smoothly from technical glitches. Communications Plan: What communication will facilitate this recovery. Why is it important to have detailed backup and recovery steps within your disaster recovery plan (DRP)? 5. What is the purpose of a risk analysis? What is the purpose of a business impact analysis? Why are these an important first step in defining a BCP and DRP? The purpose of a Business Impact and Risk Assessment is to determine the approximate business value of IT assets, to assess the impact the loss of those assets would have on business units, and to assign recovery priorities to the assets. 6. How does risk analysis (RA) relate to a business impact analysis for an organization? The purpose of a Business Impact and Risk Assessment is to determine the approximate business value of IT assets, to assess the impact the loss of those assets would have on business units, and to assign recovery priorities to the assets. 7. Given the list of identified mission critical business functions and processed, what kind of company would you say this organization is, and what do you think are its most important business processes and functions? It Company; Risk Analysis Disaster Recovery Plan to get the business up and running on the web 8. Given the prioritization list provided for the organizations identified business functions and processes, write an assessment of how this prioritization will impact the need for IT systems, applications, and data access? Recovery strategies should be developed for Information technology (IT) systems, applications and data. This includes networks, servers, desktops, laptops, wireless devices, data and connectivity. Priorities for IT recovery should be consistent with the priorities for recovery of business functions and processes that were developed during the business impact analysis. IT resources required to support time-sensitive business functions and processes should also be identified. The recovery time for an IT resource should match the recovery time objective for the business function or process that depends on the IT resource. Information technology systems require hardware, software, data and connectivity. Without one component of the â€Å"system,† the system may not run. Therefore, recovery strategies should be developed to anticipate the loss of one or more of the following system components: * Computer room environment (secure computer room with climate control, conditioned and backup power supply, etc.) * Hardware (networks, servers, desktop and laptop computers, wireless devices and peripherals) * Connectivity to a service provider (fiber, cable, wireless, etc. ) * Software applications (electronic data interchange, electronic mail, enterprise resource management, office productivity, etc. ) * Data and restoration Some business applications cannot tolerate any downtime. They utilize dual data centers capable of handling all data processing needs, which run in parallel with data mirrored or synchronized between the two centers. This is a very expensive solution that only larger companies can afford. However, there are other solutions available for small to medium sized businesses with critical business applications and data to protect. 9. For the top identified business functions and processes, what recovery time objective (RTO) would you recommend for this organization and why? The RTO must match or be shorter than the MTD 10. Why is payroll for employees and Human Resources listed as a co-number 1 business priority? It is listed as a number one because it is highly what runs the office and something very important for these to parts to be correct.

Autism :: Papers Disorders Childhood Autistic Essays

Autism Autism is not a disease, but a developmental disorder of brain function. People with classical autism show three types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and imagination, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. Symptoms of autism usually appear during the first three years of childhood and continue throughout life. Although there is no cure, appropriate management may foster relatively normal development and reduce undesirable behaviors. People with autism have a normal life expectancy. Autism affects an estimated two to 10 of every 10,000 people, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. Most estimates that include people with similar disorders are two to three times greater. Autism strikes males about four times as often as females, and has been found throughout the world in people of all racial and social backgrounds. Autism varies a great deal in severity. The most severe cases are marked by extremely repetitive, unusual, self-injurious, and aggressive behavior. This behavior may persist over time and prove very difficult to change, posing a tremendous challenge to those who must live with, treat, and teach these individuals. The mildest forms of autism resemble a personality disorder associated with a perceived learning disability. The most distinct feature of autism is impaired social interaction. Children with autism may fail to respond to their names and often avoid looking at other people. Such children often have difficulty interpreting tone of voice or facial expressions and do not respond to others' emotions or watch other people?s faces for cues about appropriate behavior. They appear unaware of others' feelings toward them and of the negative impact of their behavior on other people. Many children with autism engage in repetitive movements such as rocking and hair twirling, or in self-injurious behavior such as biting or head-banging. They also tend to start speaking later than other children and may refer to themselves by name instead of "I," or "me." Some speak in a sing-song voice about a narrow range of favorite topics, with little regard for the interests of the person to whom they are speaking. People with autism often have abnormal responses to sounds, touch, or other sensory stimulation. Many show reduced sensitivity to pain. They also may be extraordinarily sensitive to other sensations. These unusual sensitivities may contribute to behavioral symptoms such as resistance to being cuddled.

Learning and Memory: Biology vs. Society

There has been much debate about the nature of human’s intelligence.   Questions arise from the matter.   Is the way you think and learn inherited, or as the nature side of the debate argues, biological?   Or is the way you think influenced by outside forces, or as the nature side of the debate argues, societal?   This paper aims to present the points of view of each side of the argument.   At the end of the paper, the author gives not just a summary of what has been presented but also an integration of the two views that gives the more believed perspective nowadays.   From this point on, the society that is referred to in the title is the environmental factors and biology is the genetic factors. During the last twenty years, genetics has moved from a relatively difficult to understand sub-field of biology to one of its most well funded segments.   Over these twenty years, there has been an explosion of genetic discoveries.   Nevertheless, more and more questions pop out from our minds regarding genetics.   One of these is the question: How does genetics research fit with our existing notions of us as humans? Recently, there have been an increasing number of researches that prove that cognitive abilities such as learning and memorizing are determined by genes.   That is, that our intelligence is hereditary.   Our human knowledge and cognitive processes are passed on from our parents.   Nature theorists believe that our cognitive abilities are the product of â€Å"a unique web of interactions among genes† (Lickliter and Honeycutt 461). These nature theorists believe that when we were born, our intelligence and everything that we know of are already part of ourselves because of our genes.   That is, they believe that â€Å"Nature is everything, nurture nothing† (Gopnik).   Leamnson and Betz (as cited in McMahon) argue that learning is a biological process as much as respiration or circulation is.   McMahon further explains that cognitive abilities such as thinking, learning and memorizing take place when biochemical reactions occur across synapses which then form the neural networks. While some researchers agree to the fact that genetic and environmental factors both play an important part in our cognitive development, they still believe that genes take the primary part in influencing our thinking, learning and memorizing abilities.   In their study, Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Intelligence, Bartels et al. found that as the child grows up, the genetic influence on his intelligence increases while environmental factors decrease influence to his cognitive ability.   Thus, they conclude that â€Å"genetic influences are the main driving force behind continuity in general cognitive ability† (Bartels et al. 247). On the other side of the debate are the nurture theorists.   These theorists believe that environmental factors have a more significant part in sharpening our cognitive processes.   These nurture theorists believe in John Locke’s philosophy that when we were born, our minds are in blank states or as they call it tabula rasa. That is, when we were born, we do not know anything.   We only acquire knowledge, that is, we only learn as we experience the world around us.   That is, as Gopnik puts it, â€Å"nurture is everything, nature nothing.†Ã‚   Locke believed that we learn through experience. James Flynn, a NZ-based political scientist, found that after World War II, the average IQ in all countries increased which he claims is due to environmental effects.   Ulric Neisser explains further that this is because children are increasingly exposed to sophisticated visual images such as ads, posters, videogame and television in contrast to the methods of learning before the world war.   This suggests that the children’s cognitive abilities are influenced by the environment (Gopnik). Recently, however, there are an increasing number of researchers who believe that intelligence is influenced by both genetics and environmental factors.   There is no dominant factor; both play an equal role in the development of human intelligence.   Lickliter and Honeycutt describe the developmental systems theory (DST) that believes in the power of both genetics and environment to influence our cognitive abilities.   According to this theory, our cognitive abilities cannot be determined by genetics or environmental factors alone. As Lickliter and Honeycutt explain, â€Å"development is seen as a self-organizing†¦process in which pattern and order emerge and change as a result of complex interactions and relations among developmentally relevant resources both internal (including genes, but also cells, hormones, organs) and external to the organism (and not from some set of prespecified instructions)† (Lickliter and Honeycutt 462).   In contrast to the solely nature theorists, DST argues that genes and the mere passing of it to a child is not a sufficient explanation or cause of an individual’s learning and memorizing.   That is, although genes and environment both play an important role to the cognitive development of human beings, we cannot separate them and consider them as independent causes. The nature vs. nurture debate is likely to continue on but unlikely to be resolved to the satisfaction of those who strictly believe that intelligence is solely nature caused or nurture caused.   However, recently both environmentalists and behavior geneticists have called for the matter to have be ended by echoing Anastasi’s call to emphasize more on the question â€Å"How?† rather than â€Å"How much?† in the study of heredity and environment. Works Cited: â€Å"Nature Vs. Nurture in Intelligence†.   2005. November 20 2007. . Bartels, M., et al. â€Å"Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Intelligence.† Behavior Genetics 32 (2002): 237-49. Gopnik, Alison. Nature vs. Nurture. 2004. Lickliter, Robert, and Hunter Honeycutt. â€Å"Evolutionary Approaches to Cognitive Development: Status and Strategy.† Journal of Cognition and Development 4 (2003): 459-73. McMahon, Graham Peter. â€Å"Getting the Hots with What's in the Box: Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills within a Technology-Rich Learning Environment.† Curtin University of Technology, 2007.   

Why doesn’t Charles Bukowski get much respect in the U.S. as a “serious” author?

When asking the question as to why Charles Bukowski does not get much respect in the U. S. as a â€Å"serious† author, one must begin by examining who does not give him much respect. Certainly it cannot be said that he is not respected or enjoyed by anyone, for he has a large following. Fittingly, for a poet whose reputation was made in ephemeral underground journals, it is on the Internet that the Bukowski cult finds its most florid expression.There are hundreds of Web sites devoted to him, not just in America but in Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, and Sweden, where one fan writes that, after reading him for the first time, â€Å"I felt there was a soul-mate in Mr. Bukowski. † (Kirsch) Even a stauch critic of Bukowski, C. E. Chaffin, acknowledges the many who enjoy his work.Without reviewing all the historical antecedents that brought Bukowski to this poetic nadir, I should first remind the reader that he may be the best known American poet in Europe today, and for two reasons: 1) His language is simplistic; and 2) The attitude in his main body of work matches the prevailing atheistic pessimism among intellectuals on the continent. (Chaffin) However, even in recognizing Bukowski’s appeal, Chaffin mentions two criticisms that will be dealt with later in this paper. If, as it appears, Bukowski has a large following, who is it that does not consider him â€Å"serious?† A cursory search quickly reveals that many in University academia and those who approach poetry from a more scholarly viewpoint appear to be those who reject Bukowski. This rejection becomes obvious when one considers the fact that Bukowski is not included in the book that is called â€Å"the most comprehensive collection of twentieth-century poetry in English available. † In the third edition of â€Å"The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry,† in which poets appear in order of birth, the class of 1920 fields a strong team, including Howar d Nemerov and Amy Clampitt.If you were to browse the poetry section of any large bookstore, you would probably find a book or two by each of those critically esteemed, prize-winning poets. Nowhere to be found in the canonizing Norton anthology, however, is the man who occupies the most shelf space of any American poet: Charles Bukowski. (Kirsch) It should be noted that the three editors of â€Å"The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry,† Jahan Ramazani, Richard Ellmann, and Robet O’Clair, were all university professors.Other critics, such as C. E. Chaffin, are poets and critics of poetry who have spent years studying, researching, and writing poetry. These types of people often have well-constructed and rigid concepts as to the characteristics and qualities of proper poetry. Now that we have discovered a group of people who discard Bukowski as a â€Å"serious† author, we can begin to examine the reasons for their rejection of him. One of the first complaints about Bukowski is that his poetry is not truly poetry at all.When looking at reactions to Bukowski's poetry there seems to be a lack of, well, respect †¦ despite his hardcore fan base, and sales that would make most poets extremely happy. In fact the common accusation is not that Bukowski isn't a good poet, but that his work is barely even poetry at all. In a mostly appreciative New Yorker review, Adam Kirsch still managed this cheeky, backhanded compliment: â€Å"He bears the same relation to poetry as Zane Grey does to fiction, or Ayn Rand to philosophy – a highly colored, morally uncomplicated cartoon of the real thing.† (O’Neill) An example of this can be found in the poem â€Å"they, all of them, know† from Bukowski’s’ book, â€Å"The Pleasures of the Damned. † It is difficult to find any semblance of poetical style in over four pages of seemingly mindless repetition. There is apparently no rhyme or reason to this poem, and many would argue that the simple creation of a long list is not enough to qualify as poetry. This is not to say that there is not a message in his work, but that the work is not poetic in nature.In addition, Bukowski’s language not only is often seen as non-poetic, but simplistic, as described by C. E. Chaffin earlier. Another reason for the rejection of Bukowski comes from his tendency to write in the first person. An examination of his work reveals that that vast majority are written in the first person. This is clearly true as poems such as â€Å"metamorphosis,† â€Å"the drowning,† and â€Å"for they had things to say† are written in this style. While this is not particularly wrong, it can be enough for some to reject his work.I don't particularly like Whitman either, for some of the same reasons I don't like Bukowski, although Whitman is far and away the more accomplished poet. Both are archetypically American in their embrace of the indiv idual ego and almost exclusive use of the first person, but whereas Whitman attempts to merge with the world as a transcendent ego (on the heels of Emerson), Bukowski simply reports, as an isolated consciousness, in painful and sordid detail, what happens around him. In view of this it is difficult to say which poet is more personal or impersonal.(Chaffin) As Chaffin points out, the problem is not just that Bukowski writes in the first person, but he writes from a distant, disconnected view. It is difficult for many to appreciate poetry that combines a first person view with this type of â€Å"reporting,† as Chaffin calls it. There are many who reject Bukowski as being â€Å"serious† because of the content of his work. Throughout his poetry, crude language and references to things and actions not normally discussed, especially in the presence of children, are found.Poems such as â€Å"the last days of the suicide kid,† â€Å"tabby cat,† and â€Å"fooling Marie (the poem)† clearly cross a line that many have drawn concerning language and subjects that should not be discussed. Critic C. E. Chaffin addresses this issue directly. Bukowski made his reputation by unashamedly and non-judgmentally recording a lifestyle of fatalistic, atheistic hedonism — which is really not hedonism but its opposite, a sort of terminal anhedonia medicated with booze and sex as distractions — an attitude not far removed from the Marquis de Sade, who believed â€Å"Whatever is, is good.† (Chaffin) Jim Harrison also comments on this when he writes: Bukowski’s short fiction concentrates on uncontrite drinking and generally anti-social behavior, employing a scatological idiom which serves to mock academe and animate his idiosyncratic style and ideology, while also contributing to Bukowski's often harsh critical reception. . . . Bukowski is known for depicting violent and sexual imagery in his hard-edged prose. This graphic usag e has lead some critics to dismiss Bukowski's work as superficial and misogynist in nature. (Harrison)This choice of style and substance denies Bukowski the type of memorable quotes or lines that are found in so many other poems. â€Å"It is hard to quote Bukowski because there are virtually none of those short lyrics with bow ties of closure that are so pleasant for a reviewer to quote. † (Harrison) Lines such as â€Å"I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree† from Joyce Kilmer’s â€Å"Trees† are simply not present in Bukowski’s works. However, it is an interesting observation that the very thing that causes critics to reject him is what draws so many readers to him.Clearly, the approval of the critics is not something that defines success. However, it can have an effect on perception. Critics may have difficulty dealing with Bukowski’s works because they may not be intended to stand on their own but to be viewed as a whole, m aking a general commentary on life rather than individually selecting aspects of life for discussion. Any time someone views only a part of something that was intended only to be viewed as a whole, they are going to be left with an incomplete and unsatisfactory view of the work.Bukowski’s poems are best appreciated not as individual verbal artifacts but as ongoing installments in the tale of his true adventures, like a comic book or a movie serial. They are strongly narrative, drawing from an endless supply of anecdotes that typically involve a bar, a skid-row hotel, a horse race, a girlfriend, or any permutation thereof. Bukowski’s free verse is really a series of declarative sentences broken up into a long, narrow column, the short lines giving an impression of speed and terseness even when the language is sentimental or cliched.(Kirsch) Bukowski’s general attitude toward life in general and poetry specifically may be a factor in his rejection as a â€Å"seri ous† author. Obviously, a poet’s general attitude toward life will be prevelant within his work. This attitude is summarized by Adam Kirsch. Alcohol was the fuel, as it was often the subject, of these poetic explosions: â€Å"I don’t think I have written a poem when I was completely sober,† he told one interviewer. And he rejected on principle the notion of poetry as a craft, a matter of labor and revision.(Kirsch) Perhaps one of the reasons for critics rejecting Bukowski is because of those who appreciate and follow Bukowski and his works. Often poets and others are measured as much by the people who follow and replicate their work as by their work itself. Of course, there are a lot of bad poets in thrall to Bukowski – after all, his great skill lay in making the writing of great poetry seem easy. Poets who affect his lifestyle without learning the craft of writing do so at their peril.And don't look to the man himself for clues on where the poems come from: he once said that writing a poem is â€Å"†like taking a shit, you smell it and then flush it away †¦ writing is all about leaving behind as much a stink as possible†. But to disregard Bukowski's work on the basis of the bad poetry that followed in his wake seems as bloody minded as denying the greatness of The Clash because of the mohicaned twattery of Sum 41. (Kirsch) While this type of rejection of his work is not necessarily valid or defensible, this does not prevent those with a dislike or disapproval of his work from going this direction.Clearly Bukowski has his critics as well as his fans. And although many may be attracted to his work and his style, he will continue to have those who criticize him. Bukowski’s style keeps some from considering him a â€Å"serious† author. He writes about subjects and uses vocabulary that offends others and thereby causes their rejection of his work and of him. Perhaps the clearest reasons why he is n ot regarded as a â€Å"serious† author are given by C. E. Chaffin. In Bukowski's work, however, it is clear that no separation between author and persona exists except insofar as Bukowski's memory may be unreliable.His lack of persona is his lack of art. I think his regard as a possibly major poet represents the nadir of American poetry precisely because his rants are life masquerading as art, no more, no less. . . . It is not Bukowski's renown I question, an unreliable indicator of quality in any case, but 1) His lack of craft; 2) His lack of transcendent values; and 3) As above, that he represents the final breakdown between life and art in poetry. . . . To return to his poetry, I think Bukowski proved that anyone could be a successful writer; by the same token, he significantly lowered standards for the craft of poetry.Indeed, he should be considered the father of performance poetry judged on gut feeling and audience reaction rather than the enduring values of form and sub stance. (Chaffin) Works Cited Chaffin, C. E. â€Å"Essay – Charles Bukowski† Melic Review Vol. III Issue I Harrison, Jim â€Å"King of Pain† New York Times November 25, 2007 Kirsch, Adam â€Å"Smashed, The pulp poetry of Charles Bukowski. † The New Yorker March 14, 2005 O’Neill, Tony Don’t Blame Bukowski for bad poetry, U. K. Guardian, September 5, 2007

Free Essays on Joe Mccarthy

The following biographical essay was prepared by the Reference staff of the Appleton Public Library, based primarily on information from The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography by Thomas C. Reeves. Early Years Joseph Raymond McCarthy was born on a farm in the Town of Grand Chute, near Appleton, Wisconsin, on November 15, 1908. He attended the Underhill School, a one-room schoolhouse, where he completed eighth grade. Bored with farm work, McCarthy started his own chicken business as a teenager, but disease wiped out his flock. Broke at age 20, he worked as a clerk in an Appleton grocery store, quickly becoming manager. In 1929, McCarthy was transferred to Manawa to manage a new grocery store. While there, he entered Little Wolf High School, completing the four-year curriculum in nine months. McCarthy’s excellent grades enabled him to attend Marquette University in Milwaukee, which he entered in the fall of 1930. In school, he coached boxing, and was elected president of his law school class, all while working a series of part-time jobs. Immediately after gaining his law degree in 1935, McCarthy opened a practice in Waupaca. He later joined a law firm in Shawano, becoming a partner in 1937. McCarthy's first attempt at public office was an unsuccessful run for the post of Shawano District Attorney as a Democrat in 1936. In 1939, he sought the nonpartisan post of judge in the Tenth Judicial Circuit, covering Langlade, Shawano, and Outagamie Counties. He campaigned tirelessly, defeating the incumbent judge, who had served for 24 years. At age 30, McCarthy became the youngest circuit judge ever elected in Wisconsin. Borrowing the money, McCarthy made a down-payment on a house at 1508 Lorain Court in Appleton, not far from his new office at the Outagamie County Courthouse. As a judge, McCarthy was credited with being hard-working and fair, but he was also rebuked by the Wisconsin Supreme Court for an "abuse of judicial authorit... Free Essays on Joe Mccarthy Free Essays on Joe Mccarthy The following biographical essay was prepared by the Reference staff of the Appleton Public Library, based primarily on information from The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography by Thomas C. Reeves. Early Years Joseph Raymond McCarthy was born on a farm in the Town of Grand Chute, near Appleton, Wisconsin, on November 15, 1908. He attended the Underhill School, a one-room schoolhouse, where he completed eighth grade. Bored with farm work, McCarthy started his own chicken business as a teenager, but disease wiped out his flock. Broke at age 20, he worked as a clerk in an Appleton grocery store, quickly becoming manager. In 1929, McCarthy was transferred to Manawa to manage a new grocery store. While there, he entered Little Wolf High School, completing the four-year curriculum in nine months. McCarthy’s excellent grades enabled him to attend Marquette University in Milwaukee, which he entered in the fall of 1930. In school, he coached boxing, and was elected president of his law school class, all while working a series of part-time jobs. Immediately after gaining his law degree in 1935, McCarthy opened a practice in Waupaca. He later joined a law firm in Shawano, becoming a partner in 1937. McCarthy's first attempt at public office was an unsuccessful run for the post of Shawano District Attorney as a Democrat in 1936. In 1939, he sought the nonpartisan post of judge in the Tenth Judicial Circuit, covering Langlade, Shawano, and Outagamie Counties. He campaigned tirelessly, defeating the incumbent judge, who had served for 24 years. At age 30, McCarthy became the youngest circuit judge ever elected in Wisconsin. Borrowing the money, McCarthy made a down-payment on a house at 1508 Lorain Court in Appleton, not far from his new office at the Outagamie County Courthouse. As a judge, McCarthy was credited with being hard-working and fair, but he was also rebuked by the Wisconsin Supreme Court for an "abuse of judicial authorit...

The Ethics for and Against Pet Ownership

The Ethics for and Against Pet Ownership Because of pet overpopulation, just about all animal welfare activists would probably agree that we should spay and neuter our cats and dogs. But there would be some disagreement if you were to ask whether we should breed cats and dogs if all the shelters were empty and there were good, loving homes available. Animal industries such as the fur industry and factory farms try to discredit animal protection groups by claiming that activists want to take people’s pets away. While some animal rights activists do not believe in keeping pets, we can assure you that no one wants to take your dog away from you - as long as youre treating it well. Arguments for Pet Ownership Many people consider their pets to be members of the family and thus treat them with love and respect. Oftentimes, this feeling appears to be mutual, as dog and cat pets seek out their owners to play, pet or invite them into their laps. These animals provide unconditional love and devotion - to deny them and us this relationship seems unthinkable to some. Also, keeping pets is a much more humane way for them to live as opposed to  factory farms, animal testing labs or circuses use and abuse the animals. However, thanks to regulations passed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture like the Animal Welfare Act of 1966, even these animals are entitled to a basic quality of life as sentient beings.   Still, even the Humane Society of the United States argues that we should keep our pets - according to one official statement pets are creatures with whom we share a world, and we rejoice in their companionship; you dont have to anthropomorphize to recognize that the feelings are returned...let us be close and cherish each other always.   The vast majority of animal activists advocate spaying and neutering. However, most will say that the reason is the millions of cats and dogs who are killed in shelters every year, as opposed to any basic opposition to the keeping of pets. Arguments Against Pet Ownership On the other side of the spectrum, some animal activists argue that we should not keep or breed pets regardless of whether we have an overpopulation problem - there are two basic arguments that support these claims. One argument is that cats, dogs, and other pets suffer too much at our hands. Theoretically, we may be able to provide good homes for our pets, and many of us do. However, in the real world, animals suffer abandonment, cruelty, and neglect. Another argument is that even on a theoretical level, the relationship is inherently flawed and we are unable to provide the full lives that these animals deserve. Because they are bred to be dependent on us, the basic relationship between humans and companion animals is flawed because of the difference in power. A sort of Stockholm syndrome, this relationship forces animals to love their owners in order to get affection and food, oftentimes neglecting their animal nature to do so. The animals rights activist group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) opposes keeping pets, partially for this reason. An official statement on their website states that animals lives are restricted to human homes where they must obey commands and can only eat, drink and even urinate when humans allow them to. It then goes on to list common mistreatments of these house pets including declawing cats, not cleaning litter boxes and scolding any creature to get off the furniture or hurry up on its walk. A Happy Pet Is a Good Pet to Have The opposition to keeping pets must be distinguished from a call to release domesticated animals. They are dependent on us for their survival and it would be cruel to turn them loose on the streets or in the wilderness. The position must also be distinguished from any desire to take anyone’s dogs and cats away. We have a duty to take care of the animals who are already here, and the best place for them is with their loving and caring human guardians. This is why animal rights activists who oppose keeping pets might have rescued pets themselves. Activists who oppose keeping pets believe that domestic animals should not be allowed to breed. The animals who are already here should live long, healthy lives, cared for with love and respect by their human guardians. As long as the pet is happy and lives a life of love without undue suffering, for most people, animal rights and welfare activists alike, pets are definitely fine to have!

Qualitative course Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Qualitative course Proposal - Essay Example In this study, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative methods of collecting data to present a more rounded picture of findings. Close ended questionnaires and structured interviews would be used on selected respondents. Overally the study would seek to evaluate the impact of different types of social capital resources on performance of Chinese immigrant business. In recent years there has been growing interest in research on immigrant entrepreneur business activities. There are many researches focusing either on the resource-based view (RBV) or on transaction cost economics (TCE) to explain entrepreneur performance or small and medium enterprise performance. However, there is very little research that exists which integrates both of these, RBV with focus on social capital and TCE to explain business performance. There are even fewer studies that have considered their joint effects in explaining entrepreneurship within the context of an immigrant scope, or specifically in applying them to immigrant entrepreneur performance. This study presents a new integrated framework that applies theories of RBV with focus on social resources as well as TCE to the phenomenon of immigrant entrepreneurship as shown on Fig. 1, p. 47. Most existing studies tend to focus only on one type of social capital resource and very few have integrated the different types of social capital resources to explain entrepreneurship, especially immigrant entrepreneurship as shown on Table 3, p. 48). This study takes into account various social resources in explaining Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs. It seeks to investigate the relative impact on performance of Chinese immigrant businesses of different social capital like personal/ethnic resources and relationships that include business networks and personal guanxi networks. It provides a conceptual framework on how RBV with focus on how social capital facilitates immigrant entrepreneurs in gaining access to certain

World Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Religion - Essay Example This report approves that the temple is a place where Buddhist monks and lay people gather to practice meditation. Since meditation requires quiet and concentration, there are special rooms set aside in the temple for groups or individuals to sit on their pillows and meditate. The temple provides lay people with retreats, usually overnight stays but people can stay longer. When a person stays with the monks, they sleep on a simple mat and eat the same foods as the monks using the same simple black bowls. The purpose of a retreat is to simplify the person’s life, to relax, and to concentrate on meditation, so lay people do not get special treatment. The traditional tea ceremony is one of the activities that lay people participate in with the monks. They are also encouraged to work around the temple grounds and to study the grounds and buildings during tours so they can have an understanding of what traditional Buddhist worship is like. All these activities for lay people are me ant to encourage simplicity and concentration. This essay makes a conclusion that it is amazing to think of this place as enduring for more than 1,215 years in the same spot. Even though many events have happened this might have destroyed or disbanded the monks, it continued on even through religious oppression and many wars and natural disasters. This shows that the temple and the ideas of Buddhism are enduring, and even though there is this long history the monks still lead very simple lives. Outsiders can have a little taste of this Buddhist life, too.

Job Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job Analysis - Assignment Example their job; (5) Log records/Daily diary where employees keep daily records and job analysis can be done from the recorded information (Prien, Goodstein, Goodstein, & Gamble, 2009). The job analysis method that was used in this case was the personal observation method. The rationale for using this method is that it is useful for gaining a deeper understanding of the job activities and very useful in manual activities (Wolper, 2004) like those done by the staff registered nurse. I requested an expert to observe and record everything I did. The activities that were recorded include taking care of both inpatients and out patients, planning and coordinating clinic activities, patient evaluation and monitoring of vital signs, performing IV placements and phlebotomy, general administration of medications and developing nursing care plans and counseling patients. In conducting these activities the following equipment were identified as very important. They include: stethoscope for checking he art, lung and bowel sounds; thermometer for making temperature readings; sphygmomanometers for checking oxygen levels; blood pressure cuffs; syringes, bladder readout machines. The equipment were identified as basic and important for daily use. The working conditions at the local community hospital can be described generally as good but there are only two registered nurses making the job tedious because of the many number of patients to handle in a day. The working schedule is fixed as one has to work continuously without breaks. The management on the other hand is not very supportive as the hospital lacks equipment and personnel making the job strenuous. Some of the skills and abilities required include: knowledge of medicine and medical terminology, service skills, time management skills interpersonal skills ability to maintain confidentiality, ability to educate, and the ability to respond to emergency situations. Job description and revision The following is my job description a s a staff registered nurse at the local community hospital which is a replica of most staff registered nurses in any other hospital. The Job tasks and responsibilities include the following : (1) ensuring the efficient and coordinated clinic flow through the coordination and planning of clinic activities; communicating patient needs; making referrals; (2) Delivering direct patient care; assessing patient’s physical, psychosocial and emotional well-being; monitoring and reporting to the physician of the patients status; responding to patients telephone calls and messages and reporting to the physician any emergencies; ordering patient’s supplies; stocking and replenishing the patient’

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay This study is an overview of current government proposals for the Big Society within community social work. In July 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron launched a project called the Big Society. It is considered by Mr Cameron that communities deserve to be empowered to have more of a say in what happens in their local area. The belief is that by doing this, many of the local services provided by the government can be taken over and run by community and voluntary groups, with Mr Cameron describing the project as a big advance for people power (www.bbc.co.uk/news, accessed: 30/10/2010). The theory base of community social work from a historical and modern perspective will be presented and evaluated. The study will provide a literature review of community projects in both neighbouring UK countries and Inner City London; examining their effectiveness in creating community empowerment to enable the possible resolution of social depravation. Particular attention will be paid to the differences that each geographical location possesses in terms of economy, culture and class diversity when considering each project and how this relates to its success. A maximum of four projects will be chosen to compare and evaluate and the study will conclude with lessons learnt for future social work in community work practice with the inclusion of messages from the Social Work Reform Board. The Big Society Debate However, Camerons notion of the Big Society has come under much criticism. The Guardians Jonathan Freedland has written a stinging attack on Mr Camerons proposals and his article posted What is Community Social Work? The idea behind community social work is the belief that peoples problems can be countered by liaising with the people within their social network. This may include friends and relatives, and neighbours. Social workers need to seek and reinforce such support networks for service users and aim to facilitate their growth where it has become apparent that such has lapsed. The work should be seen as both a protective and preventative strategy and is now considered to be the Par excellence of intervention strategy for promoting social inclusion. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). Therefore, community social work is effectively a method of promoting the social inclusion of individuals and their families by empowering them to seek and create the interventions they require. Walker and Beckett (2005) inform that social work is at the cutting edge of individuals, families or communities attempts to manage life challenges that have been influenced by both economic and social policy, welfare systems and the way they are made up internally. However, there are differing views on the concept of empowering people and using socially inclusive methods within social work. The first view is that the empowerment of service users may be considered to be self-evident if the worker sees the problems people are facing as products of the an unfair economic system that, Disenfranchises the weak, vulnerable, disabled or poor from equal participation and access to the resources produced by society. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). The aim of social work here would be to attempt to get service users involved and try to empower them to find a way of accessing the services that are available to them. Payne (1995) suggests of this issue that although public policy statements do aim to prove the value of community participation and user empowerment, community work may indeed, Draw attention to inequalities in service provision and in power which lie behind severe deprivation and therefore also become part of the struggles between people in powerless positions against the powerful. (Payne, 1995, pg165-166). The second view on the empowerment of service users is that it can give them (service users) an increased expectation of what can be available to them. It is believed that in this case, social workers may think that the correct thing to do would be to reduce the expectations of service users, forcing them to accept the situations they find themselves in and that they may become socially excluded just because that is the way it is. If this does become the case, social workers may fail to assist in the delivery of services that are available to service users, instead just seeking to help service users to manage with what they believe is available to them. Perhaps the best way to consider empowerment for service users is to use Trevithicks (2000) model of when practising social work you are either (a) doing things to service users, (b) doing things for social workers, or (c) doing things with service users. Community social work first came into being following critiques of community work after identifying that such was considered to be a completely different activity to that of social work. These critiques found that community workers and outreach workers were becoming marginalised from their colleagues within proper social work agencies. In order to prevent this from happening further, there was what was deemed a positive movement to embrace some of the principles and practices of community work within social work. Coulshed and Orme (1998) inform us that although independent community action has continued throughout history by being supported by dedicated community workers, policy developments that incorporated both the language of community and the work involved began to inform the actions of statutory social work as of the late 1970s. Despite this being the case, it is thought that such movements towards community care initiatives were not what social workers had necessarily thought to be correct. The above moves were initiated via the Seebohm Report (1968). An article by Eileen Munro said of the actions brought about by the report, The division between (varying) social work was seen as the problem, so social services departments were created to offer a joined-up service. (www.guardian.co.uk/society, accessed: 9/10/2010). These actions included the creation of social services departments that would have smaller administrative units with area teams serving their own geographical localities. It was believed that such would improve access to service provision for those placed within each locality and a wider sense of identification with the local area for social workers. Decisions could be made dependent on the person and their local need as opposed to the generic, centralised decisions that took place previously. Seebohms report also stated that each area-based organisation should change the relationship that social workers held within the relative catchment areas that the workers were operating. The report said of this that the departments should, Encourage, support and promote voluntary effort and engage in assisting and encouraging the development of community identity. (Seebohm, 1968, paragraph 477). Despite this change in the arrangements for which social services were delivered, Seebohms report did not properly address what it was community workers, or indeed social workers working with communities were actually supposed to be doing. Although the Seebohm report had considered the basic notions of community social working, the terms and principles of such were not defined fully until this was done by the Barclay Committee and published in a report in 1982. This definition was as follows: Community social work is, Formal social work which, starting from the problems affecting an individual or group and the responsibilities and resources of social services departments and voluntary organisations, seeks to tap into, support, enable and underpin the local networks of formal and informal relationships which constitute our basic definition of community, and also the strength of a clients communities of interest. (Barclay, 1982, p xvii). The emphasis on the role of the community within society continued following the Barclay Committees report and re-emerged towards the end of the 1980s. In more recent times, the Griffiths Report of 1998 looked at care in the community and was based around an aim of closer partnerships between statutory services and local communities as part of a larger welfare spectrum. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 too pushed towards an emphasis on community work although Adams et al (1998) questions whether the theory was actually put into practice. Adams et al also speculate as to the difficulty that community social work continues to face as a result of continuing changes to social policy. In modern social work, it is considered by Beckett (2006) that it is beneficial to work with groups or families as opposed to working with individuals. Therefore it seems sensible that such an approach would naturally in some respects at least lead towards working within communities. Community social work is generally considered to be a similar activity to that of group work. This is because community work interventions usually involve the worker attempting to encourage the development of groups. However, community work is aimed more along the lines of self-help or social action in consideration of the group work spectrum. Community social work does not allow for the worker to do things for people, be that for individuals or indeed groups, but wishes to promote The development of organised activity by the community itself (Beckett, 2006, pg94) through either the self-creation of resources to meet its needs or even by joining forces to campaign against the authorities for not provid ing the necessary facilities. Henderson (2000, pg72) says of such an approach that At the core of the methods and skills is the idea of organising: helping people to come together to form an autonomous group. The above shows that in this context, the community worker is considered to be something of an enabler rather than the fixer within community projects. Despite this, it is also believed that community workers although being employed by the state and therefore still considered as an outsider within the community with which they are working take on a degree of benevolent paternalism as opposed to developing the necessary collective community action. Popple (1994, pg24) says of this, Historically community work has developed from two distinct roots: benevolent paternalism and collective community action. With the above in mind it is important to remember that the term community is still rather vague. It is borne from the notion that a complete neighbourhood can function as its own entity as opposed to acknowledging that neighbourhoods consist of many differing communities. Individual interest, ethnic communities, geography, familial extensions and workplaces all form part of communities, yet will often extend far beyond the neighbourhood in which they are formed. Community social work is according to Smale et al About the processes the workers engage in, the relationships they make and how they maintain and change them. adding These processes generate the specific aims and objectives of the workers and those they share the work with. (1988, pg23). The most important things that must be recognised by any community worker is the type of community that they are working with or indeed the type of community that they are assisting to help build. Evaluating Community Projects The Study So Far Conclusion